Political parties
Party positions are taken from published manifestos and official documents, never from a single politician’s remarks or from social media. Each entry is dated, because parties change and a decade-old manifesto is not evidence about a party today.
Sources are prioritised in this order: official manifestos, official party documents, parliamentary records, academic research, then high-quality reporting.
Party logos are the trademarks of the parties they belong to, shown here only to identify them. Their use does not imply that any party endorses this project, or that this project endorses any party. Only freely licensed files are used; a party with no freely licensed logo is shown with a plain seal instead.
Argentina
2
Justicialist Party
Peronism
The party Juan Perón founded, and the dominant force in Argentine politics since. Its factions range widely, but its core commitments are organised labour, social justice and national sovereignty.
Founded 1947 · Positions as of: 2023 presidential election platform
La Libertad Avanza
Libertarianism / right-wing populism
Founded by Javier Milei and won the presidency in 2023. Campaigns on radical reduction of the state, dollarisation, abolition of the central bank and deregulation.
Founded 2021 · Positions as of: 2023 presidential election platform
Australia
4
Australian Greens
Green politics
Australia’s third-largest party by vote. Campaigns on ending coal and gas expansion, dental and mental health in Medicare, and free public education.
Founded 1992 · Positions as of: 2025 federal election platform
Australian Labor Party
Social democracy
Australia’s main centre-left party, founded by the trade union movement, campaigning on wage growth, universal healthcare, childcare subsidies and renewable energy targets.
Founded 1891 · Positions as of: 2023 national platform
Liberal Party of Australia
Liberal conservatism
Australia’s main centre-right party, campaigning on lower taxes, smaller government, private enterprise and a strong defence posture, in long-standing coalition with the Nationals.
Founded 1944 · Positions as of: 2025 federal platform
National Party of Australia
Agrarian conservatism
Represents regional and rural Australia in permanent coalition with the Liberal Party. Campaigns on agricultural interests, regional infrastructure and resource industry support.
Founded 1920 · Positions as of: 2025 federal election platform
Austria
2
Austrian People’s Party
Christian democracy
Austria’s main centre-right party. Combines Christian democratic social policy and business-oriented economics with a restrictive migration position adopted under Sebastian Kurz.
Founded 1945 · Positions as of: 2024 national election programme
Freedom Party of Austria
Right-wing populism
Won the largest vote share in Austria’s 2024 election. Campaigns on asylum restriction, opposition to EU migration and climate rules, and neutrality in the war in Ukraine.
Founded 1956 · Positions as of: 2024 national election programme
Bangladesh
2
Bangladesh Awami League
Secular nationalism / social democracy
The party that led Bangladesh to independence. Its constitution commits it to the founding principles of nationalism, secularism, socialism and democracy, and it governed continuously from 2009 until 2024.
Founded 1949 · Positions as of: 2024 election manifesto
Bangladesh Nationalist Party
Bangladeshi nationalism / conservatism
The main opposition to the Awami League. Advocates a Bangladeshi rather than Bengali national identity, market liberalisation, and a larger public role for Islam.
Founded 1978 · Positions as of: 2023 thirty-one point programme
Belgium
1
Brazil
3
Brazilian Social Democracy Party
Social liberalism
Governed Brazil under Fernando Henrique Cardoso, whose Plano Real ended hyperinflation. A centrist party of market economics with social provision, much diminished since 2018.
Founded 1988 · Positions as of: 2022 programmatic guidelines
Liberal Party
Right-wing populism / conservatism
The party of Jair Bolsonaro and the largest in Brazil’s Chamber of Deputies. Campaigns on public security, evangelical social conservatism, gun ownership and agribusiness interests.
Founded 2006 · Positions as of: 2022 presidential election programme
Workers' Party
Democratic socialism, left populism
Founded by trade unionists and social movements. In government it expanded conditional cash transfers and the minimum wage, widened access to higher education, and made protection of the Amazon a central commitment.
Founded 1980 · Positions as of: 2022 government programme
Canada
3
Conservative Party of Canada
Conservatism
Canada’s main centre-right party, campaigning on scrapping the consumer carbon price, reducing federal spending, expanding resource development and increasing housing supply.
Founded 2003 · Positions as of: 2025 election platform
Liberal Party of Canada
Social liberalism
A centrist to centre-left party. Its recent platforms have combined carbon pricing with household rebates, national childcare and dental programmes, comparatively open immigration and official multiculturalism.
Founded 1867 · Positions as of: 2025 election platform
New Democratic Party
Social democracy
Canada’s social democratic party, founded with the labour movement, campaigning on public pharmacare and dental care, wealth taxation and stronger climate targets.
Founded 1961 · Positions as of: 2025 election platform
Chile
2
Broad Front
Democratic socialism / green left
The coalition that emerged from Chile’s student movements and won the presidency under Gabriel Boric in 2021. Campaigns on replacing the market-model constitution, public pensions and environmental protection.
Founded 2017 · Positions as of: 2021 presidential election programme
Republican Party
National conservatism
Chile’s hard-right party, founded by José Antonio Kast. Campaigns on public order, immigration control, defence of the market model established under the 1980 constitution, and social conservatism.
Founded 2019 · Positions as of: 2021 presidential election programme
China
1
Colombia
1
Cuba
1
Czechia
1
Ethiopia
1
France
5
France Unbowed
Left populism, eco-socialism
A left-populist party campaigning for a Sixth Republic, retirement at sixty, price controls on essentials, and ecological planning of the economy.
Founded 2016 · Positions as of: 2022 programme, carried into 2024
National Rally
National populism
France’s main nationalist party, campaigning on sharply reduced immigration, national preference in welfare and employment, restored border controls and protection of French industry.
Founded 1972 · Positions as of: 2024 legislative programme
Renaissance
Liberal centrism
The centrist party founded around Emmanuel Macron, campaigning on business competitiveness, pension and labour reform, European integration and strict republican secularism.
Founded 2016 · Positions as of: 2024 legislative programme
Socialist Party
Social democracy
France’s historic centre-left party, which held the presidency under Mitterrand and Hollande. Campaigns on welfare state defence, wealth taxation and European integration.
Founded 1969 · Positions as of: 2024 legislative election programme
The Republicans
Gaullist conservatism
The main French centre-right party, in the Gaullist tradition. Campaigns on public spending reduction, immigration restriction, tougher sentencing and national sovereignty within the European Union.
Founded 2015 · Positions as of: 2022 presidential programme
Germany
6
Alliance 90/The Greens
Green politics
The most electorally successful green party in Europe. Its programme combines rapid decarbonisation and a nuclear phase-out with civil liberties, liberal migration policy and strong European and multilateral commitments.
Founded 1980 · Positions as of: 2025 federal election programme
Alternative for Germany
Right populism, national conservatism
A right-wing populist party founded in opposition to euro bailouts, now campaigning primarily on immigration restriction, national sovereignty and opposition to climate policy. Parts of it are under formal observation by Germany’s domestic intelligence service.
Founded 2013 · Positions as of: 2025 federal election programme
Christian Democratic Union
Christian democracy
The main German centre-right party, founded on Christian democratic principles. It supports the social market economy, fiscal restraint, European integration and a moderately restrictive migration policy.
Founded 1945 · Positions as of: 2024 basic programme
Free Democratic Party
Classical liberalism
A classical liberal party campaigning on balanced budgets, tax reduction, deregulation and digital modernisation, combined with a permissive position on personal freedom.
Founded 1948 · Positions as of: 2025 federal election programme
Social Democratic Party of Germany
Social democracy
One of the oldest social democratic parties in the world. Its programme supports a social market economy, statutory minimum wages, co-determination in company management, strong welfare provision and European integration.
Founded 1863 · Positions as of: 2025 federal election programme
The Left
Democratic socialism
A democratic socialist party campaigning for wealth taxation, rent controls and public ownership of utilities and housing, and generally opposed to military deployments.
Founded 2007 · Positions as of: 2025 federal election programme
Ghana
2
National Democratic Congress
Social democracy
Ghana’s main centre-left party, founded by Jerry Rawlings. Campaigns on social intervention programmes, rural development and a larger state role in the economy.
Founded 1992 · Positions as of: 2024 election manifesto
New Patriotic Party
Liberal conservatism
One of the two parties that have alternated in power throughout Ghana’s Fourth Republic. In the Danquah-Busia tradition of property-owning democracy, private enterprise and rule of law.
Founded 1992 · Positions as of: 2024 election manifesto
Greece
2
New Democracy
Liberal conservatism
Greece’s main centre-right party, founded after the fall of the military junta. Campaigns on tax reduction, investment attraction and firm border enforcement.
Founded 1974 · Positions as of: 2023 parliamentary election programme
Syriza
Democratic socialism
Won power in 2015 opposing austerity, then implemented a third bailout programme after a referendum rejecting its terms. Campaigns on labour rights, public services and debt relief.
Founded 2004 · Positions as of: 2023 parliamentary election programme
Hungary
1
India
13
Aam Aadmi Party
Anti-corruption populism, welfare centrism
Emerged from an anti-corruption movement and campaigns primarily on governance, public service delivery and utility subsidies. Its record in Delhi and Punjab centres on state schools, neighbourhood clinics and free or subsidised electricity and water.
Founded 2012 · Positions as of: 2024 manifesto and state government record
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Dravidian regionalism, welfare populism
A Tamil Nadu party in the Dravidian tradition, known for large-scale welfare provision — subsidised food canteens, free goods schemes — alongside state autonomy and social justice commitments.
Founded 1972 · Positions as of: 2024 manifesto
All India Trinamool Congress
Regional populism, welfare centrism
The governing party of West Bengal, founded as a breakaway from Congress. It campaigns on direct welfare transfers to women and students, opposition to centralising legislation, and defence of state autonomy.
Founded 1998 · Positions as of: 2024 Lok Sabha manifesto
Bahujan Samaj Party
Ambedkarite social justice
Founded to represent Dalits and other historically marginalised communities, drawing explicitly on Ambedkar. Its central commitments are the effective implementation of reservation, social equality and political representation for Bahujan communities.
Founded 1984 · Positions as of: 2024 manifesto and party statements
Bharatiya Janata Party
National conservatism
Describes its guiding philosophy as integral humanism and cultural nationalism. Its manifestos combine market-oriented growth and infrastructure investment with large targeted welfare delivery, a strong national security posture, and support for a uniform civil code.
Founded 1980 · Positions as of: 2024 Lok Sabha manifesto
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Marxism, parliamentary left
A Marxist party that contests elections within the constitutional framework and has led elected state governments in Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura. Its programme calls for land reform, public ownership of key sectors, strong labour rights and strict secularism.
Founded 1964 · Positions as of: 2024 Lok Sabha manifesto and party programme
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Dravidian regionalism, social justice
A Tamil Nadu party in the Dravidian movement tradition, committed to state autonomy within the Indian union, social justice through reservation, linguistic rights for Tamil and a strongly secular and rationalist public philosophy.
Founded 1949 · Positions as of: 2024 Lok Sabha manifesto
Indian National Congress
Social liberalism / social democracy
Positions itself as a secular, pluralist party in the Nehruvian constitutional tradition. Its recent manifestos emphasise rights-based welfare guarantees, employment programmes, a caste census, civil liberties and federalism, within a mixed economy.
Founded 1885 · Positions as of: 2024 Lok Sabha manifesto
Janata Dal (United)
Socialist, coalition centrism
A Bihar-based party in the Janata socialist tradition, which has governed the state in coalition with both national blocs. It campaigns on administrative competence, prohibition and caste enumeration.
Founded 2003 · Positions as of: 2023–24 state policy and manifesto
Rashtriya Janata Dal
Socialist, social justice
A Bihar party in the Janata socialist tradition, campaigning on backward-class and Muslim representation, public sector employment guarantees and a caste census.
Founded 1997 · Positions as of: 2024 manifesto
Samajwadi Party
Socialist, social justice
A socialist party rooted in the Lohia tradition and based in Uttar Pradesh. It campaigns on backward-class and minority representation, a caste census, and expanded reservation.
Founded 1992 · Positions as of: 2024 Lok Sabha manifesto
Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
Regional nationalism
A Maharashtra party built on Marathi regional identity and Hindu nationalism, which split in 2022. This faction has since allied with Congress and the left while retaining its regionalist platform.
Founded 1966 · Positions as of: 2024 manifesto and party statements
Telugu Desam Party
Regional, market-oriented development
An Andhra Pradesh party founded on Telugu regional pride, known for market-friendly, technology-led development policy and for coalition roles at the centre.
Founded 1982 · Positions as of: 2024 manifesto
Indonesia
3
Gerindra
Nationalist populism
Founded by Prabowo Subianto, it campaigns on economic nationalism, food and energy self-sufficiency, and large social programmes, and won the 2024 presidency.
Founded 2008 · Positions as of: 2024 presidential election programme
Golkar
Developmentalism / big tent
The governing vehicle of Suharto’s New Order, now a pluralist centre-right party organised around business interests, developmentalism and pancasila nationalism.
Founded 1964 · Positions as of: 2024 party platform
Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
Secular nationalism, populism
Indonesia’s largest party, rooted in the secular nationalist tradition of Sukarno, campaigning on Pancasila pluralism, infrastructure development and state involvement in strategic industry.
Founded 1999 · Positions as of: 2024 election programme
Ireland
3
Fianna Fáil
Centrism / republicanism
Ireland’s dominant party for most of the twentieth century. A pragmatic centrist party emphasising enterprise, rural communities and social partnership.
Founded 1926 · Positions as of: 2024 general election manifesto
Fine Gael
Liberal conservatism
Ireland’s main centre-right party. Campaigns on enterprise, fiscal discipline and European integration, and led the governments that legislated same-sex marriage and abortion by referendum.
Founded 1933 · Positions as of: 2024 general election manifesto
Sinn Féin
Irish republicanism / democratic socialism
Contests elections in both Irish jurisdictions and is the largest party in the Northern Ireland Assembly. Campaigns for a referendum on Irish unification alongside public housing construction and health service expansion.
Founded 1905 · Positions as of: 2024 general election manifesto
Israel
2
Likud
National liberalism / revisionist Zionism
Israel’s dominant party since 1977, in the revisionist Zionist tradition. Combines free-market economics with a hard security posture, settlement expansion and, since 2023, judicial reorganisation.
Founded 1973 · Positions as of: 2022 coalition guidelines
Yesh Atid
Liberalism / secular centrism
Israel’s main centrist party, built around the secular middle class. Campaigns on ending military service exemptions for the ultra-Orthodox, civil marriage, and a negotiated two-state framework.
Founded 2012 · Positions as of: 2022 Knesset election platform
Italy
5
Brothers of Italy
National conservatism
Italy’s governing conservative party, campaigning on national identity, the traditional family, border control and lower business taxation, while remaining committed to NATO and EU membership.
Founded 2012 · Positions as of: 2022 election programme
Democratic Party
Social democracy
Italy’s main centre-left party, formed from the post-communist and Christian-left traditions. Campaigns on a legal minimum wage, labour protections, civil rights and deeper European integration.
Founded 2007 · Positions as of: 2024 European election programme
Five Star Movement
Populism / left-wing environmentalism
Founded as an anti-establishment movement organised online. Introduced Italy’s citizens’ income scheme, and has moved from Euroscepticism towards a left-environmentalist position.
Founded 2009 · Positions as of: 2022 general election programme
Forza Italia
Liberal conservatism
Founded by Silvio Berlusconi. A centre-right party of business liberalism, tax reduction and Atlanticism, and the most pro-European member of Italy’s right-wing coalition.
Founded 1994 · Positions as of: 2022 general election programme
Lega
Right-wing populism / regionalism
Began as a northern separatist movement and became a national right-wing party. Campaigns on immigration restriction, a flat tax and devolution of powers to the regions.
Founded 1991 · Positions as of: 2022 general election programme
Japan
3
Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan
Social liberalism
Japan’s main opposition party, campaigning on constitutional protection of Article 9, same-sex marriage, separate surnames for married couples and stronger social spending.
Founded 2020 · Positions as of: 2024 election pledges
Komeito
Buddhist humanism / centrism
Founded by the Soka Gakkai Buddhist movement. Advocates welfare expansion, pacifism and pragmatic centrism, and has governed in coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party for most of the period since 1999.
Founded 1964 · Positions as of: 2024 general election manifesto
Liberal Democratic Party
Conservatism
Japan’s dominant governing party for most of the post-war period, combining business-friendly economic policy and industrial support with defence expansion and social conservatism.
Founded 1955 · Positions as of: 2024 election pledges
Kenya
2Orange Democratic Movement
Social democracy
Kenya’s main opposition party, led for two decades by Raila Odinga. Campaigns on devolution, social protection and constitutional reform.
Founded 2005 · Positions as of: 2022 coalition manifesto
United Democratic Alliance
Populism / enterprise conservatism
Kenya’s governing party, which won in 2022 on a "hustler nation" platform contrasting small traders and informal workers with established political families.
Founded 2020 · Positions as of: 2022 election manifesto
Malaysia
2
People’s Justice Party
Social liberalism / reformasi
Formed out of the reformasi movement, it leads the current governing coalition. Advocates multiracial citizenship over ethnic preference, anti-corruption institutions and judicial independence.
Founded 1999 · Positions as of: 2022 coalition manifesto
United Malays National Organisation
Malay nationalism
Governed Malaysia from independence until 2018. Its constitution commits it to defending the position of the Malay majority, Islam as the religion of the federation, and the Malay rulers.
Founded 1946 · Positions as of: 2022 coalition manifesto
Mexico
3
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Corporatism / centrism
Governed Mexico continuously for seventy-one years, a period described by Vargas Llosa as the perfect dictatorship. Now a diminished centrist party of pragmatic technocracy.
Founded 1929 · Positions as of: 2024 electoral platform
National Action Party
Christian democracy / conservatism
The party that broke the PRI’s monopoly by winning the presidency in 2000. Christian democratic in origin, campaigning on market economics, federalism and rule of law.
Founded 1939 · Positions as of: 2024 electoral platform
National Regeneration Movement
Left populism
Mexico’s governing left-populist party, campaigning on large increases in the minimum wage, universal pensions, state control of energy, and an anti-establishment framing of politics.
Founded 2014 · Positions as of: 2024 election platform
Netherlands
2
Party for Freedom
Right-wing populism
Founded by Geert Wilders and won the largest share in the 2023 election. Campaigns on a halt to asylum immigration, restrictions on Islamic institutions, and an end to Dutch contributions to the European Union.
Founded 2006 · Positions as of: 2023 general election programme
People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy
Conservative liberalism
The Dutch liberal party, which led every government from 2010 to 2024 under Mark Rutte. Combines market economics and socially liberal positions with progressively tighter migration policy.
Founded 1948 · Positions as of: 2023 general election programme
New Zealand
2
New Zealand Labour Party
Social democracy
New Zealand’s main centre-left party, which built the country’s welfare state in the 1930s and governed under Jacinda Ardern from 2017 to 2023.
Founded 1916 · Positions as of: 2023 general election manifesto
New Zealand National Party
Liberal conservatism
New Zealand’s main centre-right party. Campaigns on tax reduction, fiscal restraint, infrastructure investment and reversal of co-governance arrangements with Māori authorities.
Founded 1936 · Positions as of: 2023 general election manifesto
Nigeria
2All Progressives Congress
Big tent / reformist conservatism
Nigeria’s governing party since 2015. Campaigns on security, infrastructure and economic reform, and removed the long-standing fuel subsidy and multiple exchange rate system in 2023.
Founded 2013 · Positions as of: 2023 presidential election manifesto
Peoples Democratic Party
Big tent / centrism
Governed Nigeria from the return to civilian rule in 1999 until 2015. Campaigns on restructuring the federation, devolution of powers to the states and a mixed economy.
Founded 1998 · Positions as of: 2023 presidential election manifesto
North Korea
1
Pakistan
3
Pakistan Muslim League (N)
Conservatism / developmentalism
A centre-right party built around infrastructure-led growth, private enterprise and conservative social policy, with its base in Punjab.
Founded 1993 · Positions as of: 2024 general election manifesto
Pakistan Peoples Party
Social democracy
Founded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on a platform of Islamic socialism. Now campaigns on welfare expansion, provincial autonomy and civilian supremacy, with its base in Sindh.
Founded 1967 · Positions as of: 2024 general election manifesto
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
Populism / Islamic welfarism
Campaigns on anti-corruption, an Islamic welfare state modelled on the state of Medina, and independence from foreign policy alignment. Has been in sustained confrontation with the military establishment since 2022.
Founded 1996 · Positions as of: 2024 general election manifesto
Poland
2
Civic Platform
Liberal conservatism
Poland’s main centrist party, now leading the governing coalition. Campaigns on restoring judicial independence, European integration and market-oriented economics, while retaining the major social transfers it once opposed.
Founded 2001 · Positions as of: 2023 parliamentary election programme
Law and Justice
National conservatism
Governed Poland from 2015 to 2023. Combined large family cash transfers and social spending with judicial reorganisation, restrictions on abortion and confrontation with the European Union over rule of law.
Founded 2001 · Positions as of: 2023 parliamentary election programme
Portugal
2
Chega
Right-wing populism
Grew from one seat in 2019 to the third-largest party. Campaigns on corruption, immigration restriction, chemical castration for sexual offenders and reduction of the political class.
Founded 2019 · Positions as of: 2024 legislative election programme
Socialist Party
Social democracy
Portugal’s main centre-left party, which governed from 2015 to 2024 with support from parties to its left. Campaigns on minimum wage increases, public services and labour rights.
Founded 1973 · Positions as of: 2024 legislative election programme
Russia
2
Communist Party of the Russian Federation
Communism / national patriotism
The largest nominal opposition party in the Duma. Combines renationalisation of resource industries and Soviet-era social provision with a socially conservative and strongly nationalist position.
Founded 1993 · Positions as of: 2021 Duma election programme
United Russia
Statist conservatism
Russia’s governing party, holding a constitutional majority in the State Duma. Its programme combines state direction of strategic industry, social conservatism written into law, and sovereignty against Western influence.
Founded 2001 · Positions as of: 2021 Duma election programme
Singapore
1
South Africa
3
African National Congress
Social democracy, national liberation
The liberation movement that negotiated the end of apartheid and has governed since 1994. Its programme combines a constitutional rights framework with redistribution, land reform and black economic empowerment policy.
Founded 1912 · Positions as of: 2024 election manifesto
Democratic Alliance
Social liberalism, classical liberalism
South Africa’s main opposition party, campaigning on market reform, professionalised public administration, and non-racialism in place of race-based redress policies.
Founded 2000 · Positions as of: 2024 election manifesto
Economic Freedom Fighters
Marxism, Pan-Africanism
A radical left party campaigning for nationalisation of mines and banks and expropriation of land without compensation, framed as completing an unfinished economic liberation.
Founded 2013 · Positions as of: 2024 election manifesto
South Korea
2
Democratic Party of Korea
Social liberalism
South Korea’s main centre-left party, campaigning on welfare expansion, engagement with North Korea, chaebol reform and stronger labour protections.
Founded 2014 · Positions as of: 2024 election platform
People Power Party
Conservatism
South Korea’s main conservative party, successor to a lineage running back to Park Chung-hee’s governing party. Advocates market liberalisation, a firm posture towards North Korea and close alignment with the United States and Japan.
Founded 2020 · Positions as of: 2022 presidential election pledges
Spain
4
People’s Party
Christian democracy, conservatism
Spain’s main centre-right party, campaigning on tax reduction, fiscal discipline, national unity against regional independence movements, and a firmer line on immigration.
Founded 1989 · Positions as of: 2023 election programme
Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party
Social democracy
Spain’s main centre-left party, campaigning on labour market protections, minimum income guarantees, expanded rights legislation and a federalising approach to the regions.
Founded 1879 · Positions as of: 2023 election programme
Sumar
Democratic socialism / green left
A left-wing platform grouping Podemos, the United Left and regional parties. Campaigns on working time reduction, housing regulation and expanded public services.
Founded 2022 · Positions as of: 2023 general election programme
Vox
National conservatism
A Spanish nationalist party campaigning for the recentralisation of powers from the autonomous communities, immigration restriction, and repeal of gender violence and historical memory legislation.
Founded 2013 · Positions as of: 2023 general election programme
Sweden
2
Sweden Democrats
National conservatism
Grew from the far-right fringe to become Sweden’s second-largest party and the parliamentary support for the current government. Campaigns on immigration reduction, tougher sentencing and cultural conservatism.
Founded 1988 · Positions as of: 2022 Tidö agreement
Swedish Social Democratic Party
Social democracy
Governed Sweden for most of the twentieth century and built the Nordic welfare model. Campaigns on universal public services, collective bargaining and full employment.
Founded 1889 · Positions as of: 2022 election manifesto
Switzerland
1
Taiwan
2
Democratic Progressive Party
Taiwanese nationalism / social liberalism
Founded in opposition to one-party rule, it emphasises a distinct Taiwanese identity, resistance to unification with China, and progressive social policy — it legislated the first same-sex marriage in Asia.
Founded 1986 · Positions as of: 2024 election platform
Kuomintang
Chinese nationalism / conservatism
The party that governed China until 1949 and Taiwan until 2000. Now advocates closer economic and political engagement with Beijing under the 1992 Consensus, alongside business-friendly economic policy.
Founded 1919 · Positions as of: 2024 election programme
Tanzania
1
Türkiye
2Justice and Development Party
Conservative democracy / Islamic conservatism
Has governed Türkiye since 2002 under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Combines construction-led growth and welfare expansion with a larger public role for religion and the 2017 shift to an executive presidency.
Founded 2001 · Positions as of: 2023 election manifesto
Republican People’s Party
Kemalism / social democracy
Türkiye’s oldest party, founded by Atatürk. Campaigns on secularism, restoration of the parliamentary system, judicial independence and social democratic economics.
Founded 1923 · Positions as of: 2023 election declaration
Ukraine
1
United Kingdom
5
Conservative Party
Conservatism
The main centre-right party in British politics. Its recent platforms emphasise lower taxation, reduced net migration, national defence, and a market-led approach to growth and public service reform.
Founded 1834 · Positions as of: 2024 general election manifesto
Labour Party
Social democracy
A social democratic party founded by the trade union movement. Its 2024 manifesto committed to public investment in clean energy, stronger employment rights and NHS funding, within self-imposed fiscal rules.
Founded 1900 · Positions as of: 2024 general election manifesto
Liberal Democrats
Social liberalism
A centrist liberal party campaigning on civil liberties, electoral reform, closer ties with the European Union, and investment in health and social care.
Founded 1988 · Positions as of: 2024 general election manifesto
Reform UK
Right populism
A right-wing populist party campaigning on sharply reduced immigration, tax cuts, withdrawal from the European Convention on Human Rights, and abandonment of net zero targets.
Founded 2018 · Positions as of: 2024 general election contract
Scottish National Party
Civic nationalism, social democracy
The main pro-independence party in Scotland, combining a social democratic domestic programme with a commitment to Scottish statehood inside the European Union.
Founded 1934 · Positions as of: 2024 general election manifesto
United States
4
Democratic Party
Social liberalism
A broad centre-left coalition. Its platform supports expanded health coverage within a private insurance market, higher taxes on high incomes and corporations, abortion rights, union rights and climate investment.
Founded 1828 · Positions as of: 2024 party platform
Green Party of the United States
Green politics / eco-socialism
The main American party to the left of the Democrats. Its platform is organised around four pillars: ecological wisdom, social justice, grassroots democracy and non-violence.
Founded 2001 · Positions as of: 2024 party platform
Libertarian Party
Libertarianism
The largest third party in the United States, campaigning for sharply reduced government across the board — taxation, regulation, drug prohibition, surveillance and military intervention alike.
Founded 1971 · Positions as of: 2024 party platform
Republican Party
Conservatism, national conservatism
A centre-right to right coalition. Its platform supports lower taxes and deregulation, restrictive immigration policy, expanded domestic energy production, gun rights, and returning abortion policy to the states.
Founded 1854 · Positions as of: 2024 party platform
